外研版初一下英语M1知识点

外研版初一下英语M1知识点
外研版初一下英语M1知识点

外研版初一下英语M1知识点
英语
语法
动词的语态（Voices）
语态有两种：主动语态和被动语态
被动语态的构成
被动语态的基本构成形式 主语+助动词be+过去分词
被动语态的时态
被动语态的时态通过助动词be的变化来体现.这个助动词必须与主语的人称和数相一致.现以do为例,将被动语态常用时态列表如下：
一般时态进行时态完成时态
现在am\is\are doneam\is\are being donehas\have been done
过去was\were donewas\were being donehad been done
将来shall\will be doneshall\will have been done
过去将来should\would be doneshould\would have been done
各种时态的被动语态
一般现在时的被动语态 e.g. The lights are usually turned on at 6:30.
一般过去时的被动语态 e.g. Our house was built in 1979.
一般将来时的被动语态 e.g. This question will be answered by our headmaster.
过去将来时的被动语态 e.g. I knew the room would be cleaned.
现在进行时的被动语态 e.g. Your bicycle is being repaired now.
过去进行时的被动语态 e.g. The man was being questioned by the police.
现在完成时的被动语态 e.g. My car has been repaired.
过去完成时的被动语态 e.g. I heard she had already been sent to hospital.
带情态动词的被动语态 情态动词+be+过去分词
e.g. This must be done as soon as possible.
有些短语动词的被动语态
有些短语动词,如“动词+介词”、“动词+副词”、“动词+名词+介词”,其作用相当于及物动词,也可以由被动语态.在被动语态结构中,介词或副词不可丢掉,且其位置不变.
e.g. My brother’s child is taken care of by my mother.
含有两个宾语的被动语态
在多数情况下,把间接宾语变为主语,而把直接宾语保留下来. e.g. She was told a long story.
含有复合宾语的被动语态
把宾语变为主语,宾语补足语变为主语补足语 e.g. The child was named Tom.
主动语态变被动语态
两种语态结构对比（箭头表示动作方向）

主动语态 → → e.g. He wrote the letter.
被动语态 → → e.g. The letter was written by him.
主动句变被动句的基本步骤
把主动句的宾语作为被动句的主语
把主动句的谓语改为“be+该动词的过去分词”形式,做被动句的谓语,注意be要根据主语的人称、数和该句的时态要求保持一致
主动句的主语改为by的宾语,有时可省略“by+主语”
主动句变被动句的基本句式
主动句：主语+助动词（情态动词）+谓语+宾语
e.g. We will do that experiment next time.
被动句：主语（原宾语）+助动词（情态动词）+be+过去分词+by+原主语
e.g. That experiment will be done by us next time.
主动句：主语+短语动词+宾语
e.g. The nurse takes good care of us.
被动句：主语（原宾语）+be+短语动词的过去分词形式+by+原主语
e.g. We are taken good care of by the nurse.
主动句：主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语
e.g. We gave him some magazines.
被动句：主语(间接宾语)+be+过去分词+直接宾语\主语(直接宾语)+be+过去分词+to(for)+间接宾语 e.g. He was given some magazines (by us).\ Some magazines were given to him (by us).
【注】一般将主动句中表示人的间接宾语变为被动句的主语
主动句：主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语
e.g. They chose Tom captain.
被动句：主语（原宾语）+谓语+原宾语补足语
e.g. Tom was chosen captain.
【注】如主动句中宾语补足语是不带to的不定式,变成被动语态后要加to
e.g. I saw him go to the church.
He was seen to go to the church.
被动语态的用法
英语中,何时情况下才使用被动语态的举例
不知道动作的执行者,只知道承受者的情况 e.g. Silk is produced in Suzhou.
不必说出动作的执行者的情况 e.g. Such books are written for children.
需要突出和强调动作的承受者的情况 e.g. She is liked by everyone.
【注】①不及物动词没有被动语态,如：happen,take,please,disappear等
e.g. 这件事发生在1989年.
（Wrong） This was happened in 1989.
（Right） This happened in 1989.
②有些动词,如：have,feel,hold,become,rise,look,sound,seem等只能着眼于表示状态而不强调动作,一般不用于被动语态中.
e.g. 树变绿了.
（Wrong）The trees have been become green.
（Right） The trees have become green.
被动语态和“连系动词+表语（过去分词）”的区别
被动语态中的过去分词是动词,表动作；系表结构中的过去分词相当于形容词,表状态.前者可用by短语表示动作的执行者,后者则一般不用by短语. 比较：
This book was written last year. The glass was broken by my sister.
这本书是去年写的.（被动语态） 玻璃杯是我妹妹打破的.（被动语态）
This book was well written. The glass is broken.
这本书写得很好.（系表结构） 玻璃杯破了.（系表结构）